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Lingvero

Spanish Pluperfect (Pluscuamperfecto)

Había hablado, habías visto, habían vuelto: the tense for what had already happened before another past moment. Forms, irregular participles and uses in 30 sentences with instant explanations.

•30 exercises•~10 min to complete•B1 – B2 level
IRead first

The rule, in plain English.

The pluperfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) says that something had already happened before another moment in the past: Cuando llegué, la película ya había empezado. It is formed with the imperfect of haber — había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían — plus the past participle in -ado or -ido, which never changes for gender or number.

The irregular participles are the same as in the present perfect (hecho, dicho, visto, puesto, escrito, vuelto, abierto), and nothing goes between había and the participle: no, ya and pronouns all come in front.

30 exercises below. Read the explanation after each answer — that's where the rule sinks in.

IIQuick reference
Formation: había + participleimperfect of haber + -ado / -ido
01
yo
había hablado
02
tú
habías comido
03
él / ella / usted
había vivido
04
nosotros
habíamos salido
05
vosotros
habíais visto
06
ellos / ustedes
habían vuelto
Irregular participlesstate
01
hacer → hecho
Ya había hecho la cena.
02
decir → dicho
Nadie me lo había dicho.
03
ver → visto
Nunca había visto el mar.
04
poner → puesto
Habían puesto la mesa.
05
escribir → escrito
Le había escrito dos veces.
06
volver → vuelto
Todavía no había vuelto.
07
abrir → abierto
Alguien había abierto la puerta.
08
romper → roto
El niño había roto el vaso.
When to use the pluperfect
  • Before another past actionCuando llegué, ya se habían ido.
  • With ya and todavía noTodavía no había comido.
  • Never up to a past momentNunca había viajado en avión.
  • Reported speech after dijo queDijo que había perdido las llaves.
  • no, ya and pronouns go before habíaYa no lo había leído.

Download printable worksheet (PDF) — free, with answer key

The same 30 exercises formatted for print, with an answer key and short explanations on the last page. Fits A4 and US Letter. Free for classroom use — no sign-up.

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IIIPractice exercises

Practice.

Answer first, then read the explanation. Don't skip it — that's the whole point.

Exercise 01 of 30Tag: Había: él / ella
Fill in the blank

Cuando llegué a la estación, el tren ya _____ salido.

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

Exercise 02 of 30Tag: nunca + había
Fill in the blank

Yo nunca _____ visto la nieve antes de aquel viaje a Chile.

I had never seen snow before that trip to Chile.

Exercise 03 of 30Tag: Había: tú
Fill in the blank

¿Tú ya _____ terminado los deberes cuando te llamó Marta?

Had you already finished your homework when Marta called you?

Exercise 04 of 30Tag: Habíamos
Fill in the blank

Nosotros ya _____ cenado cuando sonó el timbre.

We had already had dinner when the doorbell rang.

Exercise 05 of 30Tag: Habían
Fill in the blank

Mis padres ya se _____ acostado cuando volví de la fiesta.

My parents had already gone to bed when I came back from the party.

Exercise 06 of 30Tag: Habíais
Fill in the blank

¿Vosotros _____ estado alguna vez en Granada antes de este verano?

Had you ever been to Granada before this summer?

Exercise 07 of 30Tag: Regular participle -ido
Fill in the blank

Cuando abrí la nevera, vi que alguien se había _____ mi yogur. (comer)

When I opened the fridge, I saw that someone had eaten my yoghurt.

Exercise 08 of 30Tag: Regular participle -ado
Fill in the blank

Lucía estaba nerviosa porque nunca había _____ en público. (hablar)

Lucía was nervous because she had never spoken in public.

Exercise 09 of 30Tag: Regular participle -ado
Fill in the blank

Al llegar a la oficina, me di cuenta de que había _____ el móvil en casa. (dejar)

When I got to the office, I realised I had left my phone at home.

Exercise 10 of 30Tag: Irregular participle
Fill in the blank

Pedro ya había _____ la cena cuando llegaron los invitados. (hacer)

Pedro had already made dinner when the guests arrived.

Exercise 11 of 30Tag: Irregular participle
Fill in the blank

Nadie nos había _____ que la tienda cerraba los lunes. (decir)

Nobody had told us that the shop closed on Mondays.

Exercise 12 of 30Tag: No agreement
Fill in the blank

Era la mejor película que habíamos _____ en años. (ver)

It was the best film we had seen in years.

Exercise 13 of 30Tag: Irregular participle
Fill in the blank

La profesora ya había _____ las notas en la puerta del aula. (poner)

The teacher had already put the grades up on the classroom door.

Exercise 14 of 30Tag: No agreement
Fill in the blank

Cuando por fin contesté, Ana ya me había _____ tres correos. (escribir)

When I finally replied, Ana had already written me three emails.

Exercise 15 of 30Tag: Irregular participle
Fill in the blank

Los niños estaban felices porque su padre había _____ de su viaje. (volver)

The children were happy because their father had come back from his trip.

Exercise 16 of 30Tag: Irregular participle
Fill in the blank

Alguien había _____ la ventana y hacía mucho frío en la sala. (abrir)

Someone had opened the window and it was very cold in the room.

Exercise 17 of 30Tag: Reported speech
Fill in the blank

Me dijo que ya _____ leído el libro, así que no se lo regalé.

He told me he had already read the book, so I didn't give it to him.

Exercise 18 of 30Tag: Reported speech
Fill in the blank

Carmen nos contó que _____ perdido las llaves del coche en la playa.

Carmen told us she had lost the car keys on the beach.

Exercise 19 of 30Tag: ya / todavía no
Fill in the blank

Todavía no _____ empezado la clase cuando entró el director.

The class hadn't started yet when the headmaster came in.

Exercise 20 of 30Tag: Pluperfect vs preterite
Fill in the blank

Cuando llegamos al cine, la película ya _____.

When we got to the cinema, the film had already started.

Exercise 21 of 30Tag: Pluperfect vs preterite
Fill in the blank

Ayer _____ a Lucía por primera vez y me cayó muy bien.

Yesterday I met Lucía for the first time and I really liked her.

Exercise 22 of 30Tag: Pluperfect vs present perfect
Fill in the blank

Nunca _____ un libro tan largo antes de entrar en la universidad.

I had never read such a long book before starting university.

Exercise 23 of 30Tag: Pluperfect vs present perfect
Fill in the blank

Este año ya _____ tres veces a Barcelona, y todavía es octubre.

I've already been to Barcelona three times this year, and it's still October.

Exercise 24 of 30Tag: Word order
Fill in the blank

Cuando la llamé, Sofía ya _____ había ido a dormir.

When I called her, Sofía had already gone to bed.

Exercise 25 of 30Tag: Word order
Choose the correct sentence

Which sentence has the correct word order?

Word order with the pluperfect.

Exercise 26 of 30Tag: Spot the error: pluperfect
Choose the correct sentence

Which sentence is correct?

Finding the correct pluperfect sentence.

Exercise 27 of 30Tag: Earlier past
Choose the correct sentence

Which sentence says that dinner was ready BEFORE the guests arrived?

Showing which past action came first.

Exercise 28 of 30Tag: Formation
Choose the correct sentence

Which of these verb forms is the pluperfect?

Recognising the pluperfect.

Exercise 29 of 30Tag: Earlier past
Fill in the blank

Cuando volvimos del paseo, el perro _____ toda la comida del plato.

When we came back from the walk, the dog had eaten all the food in its bowl.

Exercise 30 of 30Tag: Explaining a past result
Fill in the blank

Elena aprobó el examen sin problemas porque _____ mucho durante todo el mes.

Elena passed the exam easily because she had studied hard all month.

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Questions answered

Common questions.

What is the pluperfect in Spanish?+

The pluperfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto) is the Spanish past perfect: it describes what had already happened before another moment in the past. Cuando llegué, ya se habían ido — when I arrived, they had already left.

How do you form the pluscuamperfecto?+

Imperfect of haber + past participle: había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían + hablado, comido, vivido. Regular participles end in -ado (-ar verbs) or -ido (-er and -ir verbs).

When do I use the pluperfect instead of the preterite?+

When you tell two past events and want to show that one came first. Cuando llegué, la película empezó means it started as you arrived; cuando llegué, la película ya había empezado means it started before. With a single past event, use the preterite.

What is the difference between the pluperfect and the present perfect?+

Both use haber + participle, but the reference point differs. The present perfect looks back from now (Nunca he visto el mar — I have never seen the sea); the pluperfect looks back from a moment in the past (Nunca había visto el mar antes de 2020).

Which participles are irregular?+

The same as in the present perfect. The most common: hecho (hacer), dicho (decir), visto (ver), puesto (poner), escrito (escribir), vuelto (volver), abierto (abrir), roto (romper) and muerto (morir).

Does the participle agree with the subject or the object?+

No. After haber the participle always ends in -o: ella había llegado, las cartas que había escrito. It only agrees when used as an adjective, for example with estar: la puerta estaba abierta.

Is there a printable Spanish pluperfect worksheet?+

Yes — this page has a free printable pluperfect worksheet (PDF) with all 30 exercises and an answer key with short explanations. It prints on A4 and US Letter and is free for classroom use, no sign-up needed.